Sains Malaysiana 53(5)(2024): 1119-1131

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5305-12

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Aqueous Fruit Peel Extract of Citrus aurantifolia: Optimization, Its Characterization and Stability Test

(Sintesis Hijau Nanozarah Perak menggunakan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Berair Citrus aurantifolia: Pengoptimuman, Pencirian dan Ujian Kestabilannya)

NABILA ADLINA NASRUDDIN¹, NUR RAIHANA ITHNIN¹, HIDAYATULFATHI BINTI OTHMAN², ZATUL-'IFFAH BINTI ABU HASAN³ & NORASHIQIN MISNI^1,*

¹Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti  Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda A. Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

³Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Received: 13 September 2023/Accepted: 28 March 2024

Abstract

In this present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by green biological synthesis method using plant extract from fruit peel of Citrus aurantifolia as reducing agents. All the parameters in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were optimized to achieve a better yield, controlled size and stability of the particles. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was monitored via UV-vis spectrophotometer and stability test was done. The resulting UV-Vis spectra of synthesized AgNPs from C. aurantifoliafruit peel extract (CAFPE) showed standard surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm which indicated the presence of AgNPs. The optimum result was obtained with an optimum concentration at 4 mM AgNO₃, leaving in a dark room temperature for 24 h and using a concentration 1:3 ratio (extract: silver nitrate). Moreover, the stability of the CAFPE-AgNPs was also observed after 30 days of synthesis and even up to 10 months, indicating optimization plays major role towards the stability fate of nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis showed possible functional groups of biomolecules that play roles in the bioreduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. In addition, it is believed that these parameters are highly suitable for bulk production of single spherical AgNPs with diameter 29.6- 45.2 nm confirmed via FESEM. Thus, the obtained results clearly suggest that optimization of silver nanoparticles may have important role in attaining a better yield and stability of metal nanoparticles, refraining back to its original structure or particles.

Keywords: Citrus aurantifolia; green synthesis; optimization; plant extract; silver nanoparticles

Abstrak

Dalam kajian ini, nanozarah perak telah disintesis melalui kaedah sintesis biologi hijau menggunakan ekstrak tumbuhan daripada kulit buah Citrus aurantifolia sebagai agen penurunan. Semua parameter dalam sintesis nanozarah perak (AgNPs) telah dioptimumkan untuk mencapai hasil yang lebih baik, saiz terkawal dan kestabilan zarah. Biosintesis nanozarah perak diuji melalui spektrofotometer UV-vis dan ujian kestabilan juga telah dilakukan. Spektrum UV-Vis terhasil bagi AgNPs tersintesis daripada ekstrak kulit buah C. aurantifolia (CAFPE) menunjukkan jalur resonans plasmon permukaan piawai pada 420 nm yang menunjukkan keberhasilan pembentukan AgNPs. Keputusan optimum diperoleh dengan kepekatan optimum pada 4 mM AgNO₃, dibiarkan dalam suhu bilik gelap selama 24 jam dan menggunakan nisbah kepekatan 1:3 (ekstrak: perak nitrat). Selain itu, kestabilan CAFPE-AgNPs juga diperhatikan selepas 30 hari sintesis dan malah sehingga 10 bulan, menunjukkan pengoptimuman memainkan peranan utama ke arah nasib kestabilan nanozarah. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan kebarangkalian kumpulan biomolekul yang memainkan peranan dalam bioreduksi dan agen penutup nanozarah perak. Selain itu, adalah dipercayai bahawa parameter ini sangat sesuai untuk pengeluaran pukal AgNPs sfera tunggal dengan diameter 29.6 - 45.2 nm yang turut disahkan melalui FESEM. Oleh itu, keputusan yang diperoleh dengan jelas menunjukkan bahawa pengoptimuman nanozarah perak mungkin mempunyai peranan penting dalam mencapai hasil yang lebih baik dan ke arah kestabilan nanozarah logam, selain daripada menahan kembalinya AgNPs kepada struktur atau zarah asalnya.

Kata kunci: Citrus aurantifolia; ekstrak pokok; nanozarah perak; pengoptimuman; sintesis hijau

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*Corresponding author; email: norashiqin@upm.edu.my